Learn C Programming
From Beginner to Advanced

Topics that separate good C programmers from great ones. Used in operating systems, embedded firmware, and game engines.

11. 11 Structures and Unions
    • Declaring structures and accessing members with dot and arrow operators
    • Nested structures and arrays of structures
    • Unions — definition, use, and difference from structs
    • Bit fields inside structures
12. 12 Dynamic Memory Allocation
    • Heap vs stack memory — what's the difference?
    • malloc, calloc, realloc — how and when to use each
    • Freeing memory with free() and preventing memory leaks
    • Common memory errors: dangling pointers, double free, buffer overflow
13. 13 File I/O in C
    • Opening and closing files: fopen, fclose
    • Reading and writing: fread, fwrite, fprintf, fscanf, fgets, fputs
    • File positioning: fseek, ftell, rewind
    • Error handling in file operations
14. 14 Preprocessor Directives and Macros
    • #define, #include, #undef directives
    • Conditional compilation: #ifdef, #ifndef, #if, #endif
    • Function-like macros and macro pitfalls
15. 15 Bitwise Operators and Low-Level Programming
    • AND (&), OR (|), XOR (^), NOT (~) operators
    • Left shift (<<) and right shift (>>)
    • Practical uses: flags, masking, setting/clearing bits
16. 16 Linked Lists and Basic Data Structures
    • Singly linked list — create, insert, delete, traverse
    • Stack and queue implementations in C